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Focus
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Cryptography provides a critical foundation upon which much of
computer security is based. Cryptography is necessary to provide both
integrity and confidentiality of the data that is exchanged in a
computer network. There are many methods of encryption, and each has
its strengths and weaknesses in terms of performance, security, and
requirements for management of secret information used to hide or
disclose information.
This course will provide an intensive overview of the field of
cryptography, providing a historical perspective on early systems,
building to the number theoretic foundations of modern day
cryptosystems. Students will learn how cryptosystems are designed,
and to match cryptosystems to the needs of an application.
Students will also study basic cryptanalysis and will be presented
with real life breaches of common cryptosystems so that they better
understand the dangers that lurk in cryptosystem design and in the
design of systems that rely on cryptography.
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Relationships to CS 530 and
CS 556
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I have received many inquires regarding the difference
between this class and the
Cryptography
class (CS 556).
CS 556 should be considered as an "advanced" cryptography
class with emphasis on the theoretic side of cryptography.
The Applied Cryptograph class is a more "introductory"
cryptography class with emphasis on the applied side of
cryptography (less emphasis on mathetical proofs). There
will be some overlap between the Applied Cryptograph class
and CS 530.
This course is meant to be taken either concurrently or before CS 530.
Tentatively, starting in Fall of 2007, this course will be offered
as CS 531.
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Academic Integrity Policy
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Please make sure you read the Academic
Integrity Policy of this course.
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Textbooks
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Required:
Optional:
- S.Y. Yan,
Number Theory for Computing,
2nd Edition, Springer, 2002.
(If you are not comfortable with mathematics, this is a good book
to start to get you warmed up.)
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Syllabus / Topics Covered
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The following schedule and topics are tentative and are subject to
change without notice. (The Handbook of Applied Cryptography is denoted
as HAC below.)
- Wk 1-2: Overview of Cryptography (HAC Ch 1)
- Introduction to various cryptographic concepts
- Attacks
- Security models
- Wk 3: Pseudorandom Bits and Sequences (HAC Ch 5)
- Normal and Chi-square distributions
- Five basic statistical tests for randomness
- Cryptographically secure pseudorandom bit generators
- Wk 4-5: Stream Ciphers (HAC Ch 6)
- LFSR (Linear Feedback Shift Register)
- Non-linear FSR
- Stream ciphers based on LFSR
- RC4
- Wk 6-7: Block Ciphers (HAC Ch 7)
- Modes of operations
- Classical ciphers and their cryptanalysis
- DES
- Wk 8: The AES Block Cipher (FIPS publication 197)
- Wk 9: Public-key Parameters (HAC Ch 4)
- Legendre and Jacobi symbols
- Primality tests (Fermat.s test, Miller-Rabin test, AKS test)
- Generating probable prime numbers
- Generating provable prime numbers
- Wk 10: Number-theoretic Reference Problems (HAC Ch 3)
- Integer factorization
- RSA problem
- Diffie-Hellman problem
- Square root modulo n problem
- Discrete logarithm problem
- Wk 11: Public-key Encryption (HAC Ch 8)
- Chinese remainder theorem and residue number system
- RSA public-key encryption
- Diffie-Hellman key exchange
- ElGamal public-key encryption
- Rabin public-key encryption
- Wk 12-13: Hash Functions and Data Integrity (HAC Ch 9)
- MAC (message authentication code)
- MDC (modification detection code)
- One-way hash function
- Collision resistant hash function
- Yuval.s birthday attack
- Breaks of hash functions
- Wk 14: Digital Signatures (HAC Ch 11)
- RSA signature scheme
- Fiat-Shamir signature scheme
- ElGamal signature scheme
- One-time signature schemes
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Academic Calendar
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A link to the
USC Fall 2008 academic calendar
is provided here for your convenience.
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E-mail
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Most class related announcements will be done through e-mail via
an e-mail reflector setup by the instructor. Please see
instructions on how to get
on this list (you should do this as soon as possible).
Please do not ask the following types of questions in your e-mail
(although they are appropriate for office hours):
- Here is my understanding of X. Am I right (or is this correct)?
(You can do this for just about everything and in many different ways.
I do not have the bandwidth to deal with too many questions like this.)
- I don't understand X. Could you explain X to me?
(It's your responsiblity to come to lectures and ask questions
during lectures if there is something you do not understand.)
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Lecture Slides from
a Previous Semester
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Lecture slides from Fall 2006 (CS 599)
are provided below for your information.
Our class may not follow these slides exactly.
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Homework
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There will be 6-8 homework assignments
consisting of small programming assignments.
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Exams
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A midterm and a final examination will be given.
The dates for these exams are posted near the top
of the class home page.
Any scheduling conflicts regarding the midterm exam date must
be resolved with the instructor at least one week
before the exam date.
The date of the final examination is firm and cannot be changed.
I often get questions such as (1) can I get a copy of an old exam
and (2) what types of questions should I expect? The answer to
question (1) is "no". I'm sorry, but I do not give out old exams.
That's just my policy. The answer to question (2) is the following.
There are two types of exam questions that I usually ask.
The first type is numerical and you need to calculate something
(usually arithematics with small integers).
The second type is in the following form: "In N words or less,
what is the answer to the following question?"
For this type of question, you can write as many words as
you'd like, but I will only read the first N words of your
answer! You don't need to count the number of words in your answer,
you just need to make sure that the most important part of your
answer appears in the first N words! (There is no need to
write complete English sentenses when you answer exam
questions. Just give me the important stuff!)
The reason I'm doing this is that I don't want a brain dump
of everything you know about a topic and tell me that the
answer is there and that I have to look for it! I want you
to tell me what part of your answer you think is important and you
need to distinguish between answers of different quality
and put the best answer up front.
Let me give a couple of silly examples (with questions
that's not in the scope of any exam).
- "In 20 words or less, for our programming assignments,
when is 'plagiarism' considered taking place?
If your answer is "when you take
someone else's work and claim it to be yours", then you
will get full credit. If your answer is, "when you submit
someone else's work", you probably will not get full credit.
- "In 20 words or less, what is the fairness policy of
this class?" If your answer is, "whatever the instructor
offer to one student, he must offer it to the rest of the
class," then you will get full credit. If your answer is,
"the instructor must be fair to every student," you
probably will not get much credit.
Can you tell why the first answers above are better than
the second answers? I also may ask the follow types of questions:
- "In 20 words or less, what is the definition of X."
In general, better answers may score more points. If you
give very high level and generic answer that's generally true
or basically just repeat the question,
you probably will get very little credit for it! You need to
answer a specific question with a specific answer.
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Grading
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The grading breakdown is as follows:
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Homeworks:
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Midterm Exam:
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| 25%
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Final Exam:
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| 40%
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Pleaes also note the following:
- The above percentages will be used to calculate your total score.
Final grades (A,B,C,D,or F) will be determined using a modified
curve (i.e., we won't necessarily assign an equal number of failing
grades as passing grades) based on this total score. No other methods
will be considered. (So, please do not ask the instructor to take how
much you have improved since the beginning of the semester into account.
You are expected to try your best from the beginning!)
- We will assign grades of C and below to individuals who do not
perform satisfactorily in the above areas. (i.e., you should not
assume a B- or even C if you perform unsatisfactorily.)
However, we hope that everyone will perform well.
- Your assignments are your own work! No group assignments are allowed
or will be tolerated. You are free to talk to other students about
assignments but no actual material (files, code fragments, etc.) should
be shared. We will act harshly at any sign of copying.
- We will not assign incompletes unless it is
for a documented medical reason (in accordance with USC policy).
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Late Policy
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All homeworks must be turned in on time.
Late submissions will receive severe penalties. Due to clock skews,
electronic submissions of homework assignments will
be accepted within 15 minutes after the specified deadlines without
penalties. If you submit with the next 24 hours,
you will receive 75% of your grade.
You will receive a score of zero afterwards (and your assignment
will not be graded).
If you are unable to complete a homework assignment due
to illness or family emergency, please see the instructor as soon as
possible to get an extension. A doctor's note
is required as proof of illness or emergency.
In general, when you get sick,
it's best to see a doctor and get a note just in case you may need it later.
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Note From A Doctor
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Recently, there has been a change in the policy at the
Student Health Center regarding giving a "note from the doctor"
to you to bring to a faculty
member so that you can be execused from deadlines. Basically,
they will not give you such a note any more.
What they would give you is an Authorization for Disclosure
of Medical Information form. With this form, you give them
permissions to discuss your illness with me.
So, if you visit a doctor at the Student Health Center,
please make sure you fill out one of these forms, check the
"limited discussion with faculty" checkbox, get it stamped,
signed, and dated by someone there (a clerk/receptionist
would sign at the "witness" line), and bring it back to me.
This would satisfy the "note from a doctor" requirement so
that you can get an extension.
If you visit a doctor somewhere else, please either bring a
"note from the doctor" or a similar authrozation letter so
I can contact them.
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Regrading Policy
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All requests to change grading of homework or
exams must be submitted in writing within one week
of the time the initial grade was given. Requests must be specific
and explain why you feel your answer deserves additional credit.
A request to re-grade an assignment can result in the entire assignment
being re-evaluated and as a result the score of any part of
the assignment be increased or lowered as appropriate.
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Office Hours
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The instructor's office hours are held twice a week for one hour each.
If you are not available during the designated time for office hours,
you are always welcome to make an appointment (and reserve a timeslot)
to see the instructor.
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Extra Credits
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No extra credit assignments will be given for this class. So, there
is not need to ask. Try your best from the beginning!
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Class Newsgroup
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Please use the social forum of the
CSCI 531 moodle for
students-to-students discussions.
The main purpose of this forum is for the students to
discuss things about homeworks and lecture materials with each other.
Students may
not exchange answers here because it would violate academic
integrity policy of USC. Posting of small code segments
(no more than 5 lines) is allowed as long as it is meant to clarify
discussions.
The instructor and the TA do not normally read this forum.
Please do not post questions for them here.
Please make sure that you have read the
Academic Integrity Policy of this course.
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Implicit Student Agreement
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All work including homeworks, programming
assignments and exams must be that of the individual student. It is often
productive to study with other students. However, if any portions of homeworks
or programming assignments are found to be shared between two (or more)
students, zero credit will be given to all students concerned and all students
will be disciplined. This policy is in the interest of those students who
do their own work, which hopefully applies to all of you in this class.
This policy also holds for programming assignments. In
this class, we will use sophisticated automated program checkers to detect
cheating. Be aware that the program checkers have demonstrated very good
results and are widely used within the academic community. Any student
caught cheating will be given zero credit and will be disciplined.
It is the students responsibility to submit their assignments in time.
There is no specific prerequisites for this course, but
students are expected to be familiar with programming in C/C++
on the UNIX platform.
No special assistance or consideration will be offered
if your background is inadequate.
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Student Responsibilities
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During the semester you are responsible for completing the assigned
readings, homeworks, programs, and exams.
You are expected to read all the papers in detail.
Not all details will be covered in class. We will assume knowledge
of material covered in EE450 and a C language programming proficiency from
CSci402 or its equivalent. If you covered the introductory material at some
other school it is YOUR responsibility to fill in any missing background.
Feel free to ask me for advice on appropriate introductory readings if
you feel your background is insufficient.
We expect you to attend every class meeting.
If you do happen to miss a session, you are responsible for finding out
what material was covered and if any administrative announcements were
made. You must do so BEFORE the next session (e.g., if there is an assignment
given during the missed session, you are still responsible for completing
it by the next week along with the other students). You are advised
to read the papers for a particular lecture before attending the lecture.
This will greatly enhance your understanding of the subject matter.
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Fairness
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The instructor must treat all students equally and cannot
give special treatment to any particular student.
Therefore, please do not ask special favors from the
instructor because of your circumstances.
This may seem unfair to you because you believe that your
circumstances are special (understandably, everone
does). But the rule the instructor must follow is that whatever
he offers you, he must offer to the entire class.
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Auditing
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Auditing is not permitted for this class.
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Additional
Resources
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(The resources below are provided for your information.
Please note that the instructor has not read most of them.
Please use these resources at your own risk!)
Programming:
- C Programming
(by Steve Holmes at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, England)
- includes notes on make, separate compilation,
file I/O, etc.
- Makefile
tutorial (at Indiana University)
- C/C++ at USC
from USC ISDWeb
- Steve's Software Trek
(by Steve Karg) - includes some useful C/C++ source code for string
manipulation, INI file manipulation, etc.
- C Examples -
lots and lots of sample C code for basic stuff.
UNIX:
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